Wheat (Triticum durum) is one of the world’s most important crops, supplying essential nutrients and serving as a key source of food and livestock feed. Drought stress is a major challenge that hampers wheat growth and yield by disrupting its physiological and biochemical processes. Recent developments in nanotechnology present new opportunities to boost plant resilience and productivity. In this study, we examined the effects of a newly developed indole-3-acetic acid– graphene oxide (IAA–GO) nanoensemble on wheat seedlings under both normal and drought conditions. Seeds of the Yasaman variety were treated with IAA and IAA–GO and grown under controlled phytotron settings. We evaluated seedling growth, photosynthetic pigment levels, and activities of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase and guaiacol peroxidase. The results revealed that IAA alone significantly improved germination, root and shoot growth, and catalase activity. In contrast, the IAA–GO nanoensemble showed mixed effects, slightly enhancing catalase activity but reducing peroxidase activity and chlorophyll b content. Under drought stress, both treatments positively affected photosynthetic pigments, indicating an adaptive response. These findings suggest that IAA–GO complexes could be a valuable tool for enhancing drought tolerance in wheat by supporting growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant defense systems.